In between a valid transaction and a void one, there is a condition in which the transaction is neither null nor complete. In other words, after the offer and acceptance, the transaction is somehow formed and to some extent effectual although it is not complete yet. This condition is called "potential validity". Unauthorized transaction, contracts under duress, real contract such as mortgage and donation and a company which is formed under article 17 of the commercial code (as it is amended in 1346) are all examples of potential validity and their completion and effectiveness depend respectively on the owner's consent, delivery and registration. The concept of potential validity and its effects have not been studied independently yet and its examples are not mentioned separately. All the aforementioned things necessitate organizing this theory under Iran's law.

Objectives: This research examined the factors related to marital satisfaction. Method: 127 volunteers filling for divorce and 1670 married individuals from normal population with no prior history of divorce were studied by Marital Satisfaction Questionnaire which comprises four scales, attractiveness, rapport, attitude, and investment. Findings: The study showed that in the divorce group the years of marriage and education, mean age at the time of marriage, and the number of children was less than the other group. In a multivariate analysis, the most significant relationship factors related to marital satisfaction included investment, attitude, and rapport. Results: Marital satisfaction was greater among those who were older and had higher level of education at the time of marriage. Marital satisfaction is greater among couples who have mutual respect for each other and possess both communication skills and more rapport. Attractiveness alone is less effectual on marital satisfaction than investment, positive attitude, and rapport.

Background & Aim: Mechanical, intermittent and precise microbial plaque is one of the main stages of chronic periodontal disease treatment. Due to the increasing use of herbal toothpaste, this study was conducted to compare the effects of Crest 7 complete with Silca herbal toothpaste.Material & Method: In this cross-over clinical trial study, 60 dental students (14 males and 46 females) with a mean age of 25.38.8±1.588 were selected. The plaque index was recorded, scaling and prophylaxis was done. The toothpastes (Silca and Colgate) were randomly assigned to individuals. After 14 days, the plaque index was registered. Scaling and prophylaxis were performed again and the second toothpaste was given. Changes in plaque index were analyzed by Mann-U-Whitney and Wilcoxon tests.Results: Plaque index for the Crest was 0.91±0.23 and for the Silca was 0.85±0.20 and the difference was not statistically significant (p<0.4).The changes in dental plaque for the Crest toothpaste was 0.81 and for the Silca toothpaste was 0.76, the changes were not statistically significant (p<0.4). Within each group, Crest and Silca toothpaste reduced dental plaque respectively from 1.67 to 0.91 (48.5 percent) and from 1.65 to 0.85 (51.5%) that the changes were statistically significant ( p<0.02).Conclusion: Silca herbal toothpaste similar to the complete crest 7 is effective in controlling dental plaque.

Introduction: Traumatic dental injuries occur in children with great frequency because of falls in schools, fighting or falls during riding a bike, making it necessary to visit a dentist. One of the most serious dental injuries is avulsion in which the tooth completely comes out of the dental socket. In the clinical view the socket is empty or it is filled by a clot. These injuries make the child and the parents extremely anxious because if avulsion is not managed immediately and properly it has dangerous side effect, like loss of the permanent tooth, esthetic problems, loss of self-confidence, malocclusion and malnutrition. The aim of this literature review was to collect the latest guidelines about avulsed teeth.Review Report: Electronic search was carried out in Pubmed and Medline for controlled randomized clinical trials and review articles and American Association of Endodontists guidelines about diagnosis, treatment plan and follow-up of avulsed teeth. Articles were collected until the end of March 2013.Conclusion: Since general dentists face this condition more than others they are in the first line of treatment such children and can pervert most of the side effects with proper treatment. Therefore, having the latest knowledge about diagnosis, treatment plan and follow-up of avulsed teeth is essential for all the general dentists and specialists.

According to the literature, it is possible to replace synthetic dyes with more echo-friendly natural dyes. One of the popular natural dyes in Iran is madder. This paper reports the effect of age and type of madder in natural dyeing process for better color behavior prediction. Effects of 4 different types of madder along with the role of the concentration and pH of dye bath are investigated. The amount of dye absorption is also evaluated by calculation of K/S value in the wavelength of minimum reflection. Samples are treated by using the classical after treatment process for natural dyes and the effect of after treatment on light and washing fastnesses of samples are reported. The CIELAB colorimetric specifications of samples are measured under D65 illuminant and 1964 standard observer. The light and washing fastnesses of dyed samples are also reported. Finally, the chemical structures of employed madders are studied by FTIR technique.

Bicornuate uterus has two symmetric uterine cavities that are fused caudally and have some degree of communication between two cavities, usually at the uterine isthmus. A complete bicornuate uterus has a seperatory cleft of tissue that is extended to the internal OS. Lesser degree of septation of the two uterine horns has constitution, a partial bicornuate uterus. Bicornuate uterus is a class of four anomaly of American fertility society classification of mullerian anomalies. Here we report a case of a 19-year-old female patient with complaint of abdominal pain and spotting since 4 months ago. In sonography it revealed bicornuate uterus and hematocolpos. The patient underwent general anesthesia and examination that reveal the transverse vaginal septum. Septum removed by resectoscope was successful.